International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 2834-7919   |  e-ISSN: 1554-5210

Original article | International Journal of Progressive Education 2024, Vol. 20(1) 31-47

The Effects of Electronic Monitoring in the University Workplace: Bangladeshi Academics' Perceptions of Work Performance Monitoring

Rohaya Mohd Nor & Md Shakil Mannan

pp. 31 - 47   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2024.646.3   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2307-10-0004

Published online: February 05, 2024  |   Number of Views: 64  |  Number of Download: 66


Abstract

Technology applications play an important role in promoting progressive education in the higher education sector, where student-centered and holistic development approaches are essential. In this context, electronic monitoring can meet the needs of education authorities, institutions, and university administrators while also aiding academics and students. This study explores the consequences of electronic monitoring from the perspective of Bangladeshi academics working in private universities. It investigates the extent to which electronic monitoring is utilized to monitor job performance and academics' perceptions of using the application. Guided by the panopticon model, we designed a qualitative research approach and employed case study and interview methods to obtain data. Two private universities were involved in data collection. The results revealed that most academics saw the value of electronic monitoring as an alternative to traditional means of surveillance. Furthermore, academics' positive attitudes toward such practice were influenced by their level of awareness being electronically monitored using technological means with features that could provide them with control over work performance and the available support mechanisms. Some highlighted benefits are safety, productivity, cost-effectiveness, potentially unlawful or unethical conduct monitoring, and workplace accountability and obligation. Despite little concern about privacy issues regarding the widespread use of electronic monitoring, most academics opposed using CCTV cameras in classroom teaching. The study revealed that academics' thoughts on electronic monitoring, which are linked to specific government directives, can be heavily influenced by external forces, and how flexible the monitoring environment can play a role in minimizing resistance and improving policy adherence. This study has important practical implications for education authorities, academic administrators, and educators.

Keywords: Electronic Monitoring, Academics, Panopticon, Bangladesh, Education


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Nor, R.M. & Mannan, M.S. (2024). The Effects of Electronic Monitoring in the University Workplace: Bangladeshi Academics' Perceptions of Work Performance Monitoring . International Journal of Progressive Education, 20(1), 31-47. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2024.646.3

Harvard
Nor, R. and Mannan, M. (2024). The Effects of Electronic Monitoring in the University Workplace: Bangladeshi Academics' Perceptions of Work Performance Monitoring . International Journal of Progressive Education, 20(1), pp. 31-47.

Chicago 16th edition
Nor, Rohaya Mohd and Md Shakil Mannan (2024). "The Effects of Electronic Monitoring in the University Workplace: Bangladeshi Academics' Perceptions of Work Performance Monitoring ". International Journal of Progressive Education 20 (1):31-47. doi:10.29329/ijpe.2024.646.3.

References
  1. Ball, K. (2021). Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance in the Workplace. Literature review and policy recommendations, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-92-76-43340-8, doi:10.2760/5137, JRC125716. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative Case Study Methodology Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559. [Google Scholar]
  3. Beetham, H., Collier, A., Czerniewicz, L., Lamb, B., Li, Y., Ross, J., Scott, A.-M., and Wilson, A.  (2022) Surveillance practices, risks and responses in the post pandemic university. Digital Culture and Education, 14(1:16-37. https://www.digitalcultureandeducation.com/volume-14-1  [Google Scholar]
  4. Beatson, N. J., Tharapos, M., O’Connell, B. T., de Lange, P., Carr, S., & Copeland, S. (2021). The gradual retreat from academic citizenship. Higher Education Quarterly, 76(4): 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12341 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  5. Botan, C., & Vorvoreanu, M. (2005). What do employees think about electronic surveillance at work? In John Weckert (ed.). Electronic monitoring in the workplace: Controversies and Solutions (pp. 123-145). IGI Global. [Google Scholar]
  6. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101, DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa  [Google Scholar]
  7. Elmes, MB., Strong, D.M. & Volkoff, O. (2005). Panoptic empowerment and reflective conformity in enterprise systems-enabled organizations. Information and Organization 15(1): 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2004.12.001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  8. ExpressVPN. (2021, May 20). ExpressVPN survey reveals the extent of surveillance on the remote workforce. https://www.expressvpn.com/blog/expressvpn-survey-surveillance-on-the-remote-workforce/#ethics [Google Scholar]
  9. Gourlay, L. (2022, October 27). Surveillance and Datafication in Higher Education: Documentation of the Human. Postdigital Science and Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-022-00352-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Hossain, M.S. (2016). Teaching Workload and Performance: An Empirical Analysis on Some Selected Private Universities of Bangladesh. International Journal of English and Education. 5(3):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2810640 [Google Scholar]
  11. Jasim, M Mir. (2021, Dec 18). Buet campus to come under strict surveillance. The Business Standard. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/education/buet-campus-come-under-strict-surveillance-345184 [Google Scholar]
  12. Jasim, M.M. (2022, Aug 02). 40hrs a week active teaching for public uni teachers. The Business Standard. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/education/40hrs-week-active-teaching-public-uni-teachers-470090  [Google Scholar]
  13. Jauhiainen, A., Jauhiainen, A., Laiho, A., & Lehto, R. (2015). Fabrications, Time-Consuming Bureaucracy and Moral Dilemmas — Finnish University Employees’ Experiences on the Governance of University Work. Higher Education Policy, 28(3), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2014.18  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  14. Jones, K. M. L., Asher, A., Goben, A., Perry, M. R., Salo, D., Briney, K. A., & Robertshaw, M. B. (2020). “We’re being tracked at all times”: Student perspectives of their privacy in relation to learning analytics in higher education. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(9), 1044–1059. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24358  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Kabir, A. H. (2013). Neoliberalism, policy reforms and higher education in Bangladesh. Policy Futures in Education, 11(2), 154-166. [Google Scholar]
  16. Khalil, M., Slade, S., & Prinsloo, P. (2023). Learning analytics in support of inclusiveness and disabled students: a systematic review. J Comput High Educ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-023-09363-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  17. Kenny, J. (2018). Re-empowering academics in a corporate culture: An exploration of workload and performativity in a university. Higher Education. 75(2): 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0143-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  18. Lee, M., Wan, C. D., & Sirat, M. (2017, October 3). Hybrid Universities in Malaysia. Studies in Higher Education, 42(10): 1870–1886. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1376871  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  19. Mahamudul, H., & Salahudin, YS (2019). Marketing of Security and Surveillance Products. Advances In Management. 12 (3): 36-42. https://www.proquest.com/ scholarly-journals /case-study-marketing-security-surveillance/docview/2281972292/se-2. [Google Scholar]
  20. Mannan, M.S. & Rohaya, MNor. (2023). A Case Study of Private University in Bangladesh Using Electronic Monitoring: Some Practical Implications. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(4):209–224. DOI: 10.6007/IJARPED/v12-i4/19575     [Google Scholar]
  21. Mannan, M. S., & Rohaya, MNor (2024). An Empirical Study into the Effects of Electronic Monitoring on Employees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(1), 731–756.DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i1/20007 [Google Scholar]
  22. Manokha, I. (2018). Surveillance, Panopticism, and Self-Discipline in the Digital Age. Surveillance & Society, 16(2): 219-237. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v16i2.8346 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  23. Manokha, I. (2020). The Implications of Digital Employee Monitoring and People Analytics for Power Relations in the Workplace. Surveillance & Society: 18(4), 540-554. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i4.13776  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  24. Masum AKM, Azad MAK, Beh L-S (2015). Determinants of Academics' Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from Private Universities in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117834. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117834 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  25. McParland, C., & Connolly, R. (2020, March 1). Dataveillance in the Workplace: Managing the Impact of Innovation. Business Systems Research Journal, 11(1): 106–124. https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2020-0008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  26. Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons. [Google Scholar]
  27. Pace, F., D’Urso, G., Zappulla, C., & Pace, U. (2019). The relation between workload and personal well-being among university professors. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3417–3424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00294-x  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  28. Patton, M. and Cocharn, M. (2002) A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology. Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris.  [Google Scholar]
  29. Saunders, D. B. (2010). Neoliberal ideology and public higher education in the United States. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 8(1), 41-77.  [Google Scholar]
  30. Showkat, N., & Parveen, H. (2017). Non-Probability and Probability Sampling. e-PG Pathshala. [Google Scholar]
  31. Siegel, R., König, C. J., & Lazar, V. (2022). The impact of electronic monitoring on employees' job satisfaction, stress, performance, and counterproductive work behavior: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 8: 100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100227 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  32. Sifat, R. I., Ruponty, M. M., Shuvo, M. K. R., Chowdhury, M., & Suha, S. M. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of school-going adolescents: insights from Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Heliyon, 8(4): e09223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09223  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. St John, E.P. (2023) Higher education in post-neoliberal times: Building human capabilities in the emergent period of uncertainty. Education Sciences. 13 (5):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13050500 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  34. Sultana, S., Roshid, M. M., Haider, M. Z., Khan, R., Kabir, M. M. N., & Jahan, A. (2022). University Students' and Teachers' Wellbeing During COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Enquiry. The Qualitative Report, 27(6):1635-1655. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5265 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  35. Swartz, M. (2021, Dec 10). Five Trends In Monitoring And Tracking Employees. https://www.monster.ca/career-advice/article/trends-in-monitoring-and-tracking-employees [Google Scholar]
  36.  Taj, I., & Zaman, N. (2022). Towards industrial revolution 5.0 and explainable artificial intelligence: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 12(1), 295-320. https://dx.doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/120124 [Google Scholar]
  37. Tandilashvili, N., & Tandilashvili, A. (2022). Academics’ perception of identity (re)construction: a value conflict created by performance orientation. J Manag Gov 26, 389–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-022-09627-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  38. Trading Economics. (n.d). Bangladesh Indicators. Retrieved June 15, 2023 from https://tradingeconomics.com/bangladesh/indicators [Google Scholar]
  39. UGC. (2020). 47th Annual Report. University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (UGC).  [Google Scholar]
  40. Wintrup, J. (2017). Higher Education’s Panopticon? Learning Analytics, Ethics and Student Engagement. High Educ Policy 30, 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-016-0030-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  41. Wood, D. M. (2007). Beyond the panopticon? Foucault and surveillance studies. In Jeremy W.C. and Stuart. E (ed.). Space, Knowledge and Power (pp. 257-276). Ashgate. [Google Scholar]
  42. Yaraş, Z., & Öztürk, F. K. (2022). Society 5.0 in Human Technology Integration: Digital Transformation in Educational Organizations. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(1), 458-474. DOI: 10.29329/ijpe.2022.426.26 [Google Scholar]
  43. Yasmin, N. (2018). The governance of higher education of Bangladesh through the lens of new public management. International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 4(10), 109-117. [Google Scholar]
  44. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research Design and Methods (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks.   [Google Scholar]